David Kolb s Framework Of Experiential Learning - 1534 Words

A big proponent of ESL learning, what my case study consists of, can be compared to David Kolb’s framework of experiential learning. Kolb’s experiential learning cycle features four stages: the concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation, and active experimentation. The first stage, concrete experience, involves doing or having an experience. The second stage, reflective observation, involves reviewing or reflecting on the experience. The third stage, abstract conceptualisation, involves concluding or learning from the experience. The fourth stage, active experimentation, involves planning or trying out what you learned. ISLA, which stands for Immersion for Spanish Language Acquisition, facilitates a supportive environment for Hispanic children to learn and explore in Spanish. ISLA mission is to provide cost-free heritage language classes, taught 100% in Spanish, include literacy, science, arts, and outdoor education, as well as cultural prog rams to nurture each student’s unique cultural heritage and multicultural experience. This past year ISLA took 103 Latino students and their families on a 2-day immersive camping trip to Morrow Mountain State Park, provided English classes for forty ISLA parents, and launched HUGS (Helping You Grow in Spanish) music and Spanish Immersion class for infants and toddler. I also would take various â€Å"adventures† into the forests that surrounded the ISLA camp. My case study consisted of children ranging from 5-13Show MoreRelatedReflective Portfolio Of Skills Development Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This report would analyse the skills developed throughout the MA in Personnel and Development Programme in LJMU. The learning process would be contextualised using literature from adult learning theory to analyse and write a critical reflection that demonstrates reporters’ competence in specific areas. Three broad areas would be covered in doing so. Firstly, learning process of self-management (of this report writer) would be explored focusing on specific areas like effective managing of selfRead MoreDifferent Learning Styles1314 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent Learning styles commonly Used by the PNTC marine Transportation students A thesis presented to the Under graduate studies PNTC Colleges In partial fulfillment Of the requirement for The research amp; thesis writing By: J’Bryan G. Santiago Ronkiel R. Serrano Dennis L. Garan Rod Carlo D. Agpalo Reggie Eridio Chapter I A. Introduction According to Kolb’s (1984) many people recognize that each person prefers different learning styles and techniques. Learning styles groupRead MoreInstructional Design Models And Learning Theories Are Used After The Needs Of An Organization Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesSink, D (2008), claims that Instructional Design Models and Learning Theories are used after the needs of an organization have been identified (Sink, D. 2008). Instructional Systems Design Models provide designers effective ways to identify solutions to support the needs of an organization. This paper will discuss the characteristics of the Experiential Learning Model, Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction Model, and the Gerlach and Ely Models along with providing a comparison and contrastRead MoreMeasuring the Impact of Outdoor Management Development- a Literature Review2813 Words   |  12 Pagesundisguised by hierarchical or ‘classroom’ norms. By placing managers in a situation of un familiarity, the outdoors provides a living workshop for managing uncertainty of change- something that textbooks and lectures just cannot emulate. As a vehicle for learning it can be more powerful than classroom simulations, in that real consequences are produced by the actions (or inactions) of those involved. The transfer to management development began when trainers noticed that some elements of the Outward BoundRead MoreHumanist Theory in Education3751 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿ Outline four (4) principles of one the following theory of learning. Humanistic Explain, using appropriate classroom examples, how you would apply your understanding of the theory outlined, in implementing four (4) central task of teaching in your classroom. Shavon Benjamin SJ116545 2B St Joseph’s Teachers’ College Strategies of Teaching Learning Mrs. Francis April 8, 2013 Humanism There are many different theories of how people learn and in considering their applicationRead MoreTheories That Stand Out : Adult Learning Theory, And Feedback And Its Effects On Teaching Practices Essay3095 Words   |  13 Pagesfeedback to teachers. Descriptive feedback is considered one of the top ten strategies for improving learning (Hattie, 2009). Providing feedback is considered one of the highest yielding strategies in schools (Hattie, 2009). There are many theoretical foundations that have correlations with descriptive feedback. When examining literature, there are three main theories that stand out: Adult Learning Theory, Feedback Intervention Theory, and Transformational Leadership Theory. These theories trulyRead MoreFuther5361 Words   |  22 Pagesbetween theory and practice and strengthen your leadership and management skills. Cases, experiential exercises, role-plays, management style and skill inventories will be used as an integral part of the seminar. This m eans that the extent of your learning will be a direct reflection of the effort and energy that you expend in studying the material, analyzing the cases and solving the problems. Learning Outcomes This course is designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and insights intoRead MoreEssay about Using Reflection to Identify Teacher Development Needs1883 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelopment of my professional practice throughout the course and as a trainee teacher. I will then conclude with a summary of my development and identify future professional development needs. â€Å"Reflective practice is understood as the process of learning through and from experience towards gaining new insights of self and/or practice† (Boud et al 1985; Boyd and Fales, 1983; Mezirow, 1981, Jarvis, 1992). Reflection has been an important feature of Teacher education for the last two decades (DiekerRead MoreKolbs learning cycle4136 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿Contents S. No. Particulars Page No. 1. Cover page 1 2. Contents 2 3. Introduction 3 4. Kolb’s learning cycle (Exercise 1) 3-6 5. Peer review of Exercise 1 6-7 6. Organisational Culture (Exercise 2) 7-9 7. Peer review of exercise 2 9 8. Avoiding Redundancies (Exercise 3) 10 9. Group review Peer review of exercise 3 11 10. Conclusion 12 11. Referencing 12-13 1. Introduction The report consists of various topics explained for a better understandingRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of a Teacher9859 Words   |  40 PagesPreparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector [pic] Executive Summary This paper will focus upon the roles, responsibilities and boundaries in planning, managing and delivering learning based around the teaching training cycle. This covers the application of learning styles to identify the differences of my learners. The issues of entitlement, equality, diversity and Inclusitivity will be addressed. It will also address the relevant legislation in my area of expertise and the importance

The Perspective Of A Human Resource Manager - 964 Words

According to a press release distributed by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), fiscal year 2014 â€Å"had 88,778 charges of workplace discrimination† (EEOC, 2015). In contrast, the comparatively low number of cases publicized is a testament to the efficiency of the EEOC’s processes. The EEOC is not out to get employers, but was â€Å"Established to administer and enforce the Civil Rights Act at work† (Dessler, 2015, p. 28). The EEOC’s processes are well defined, fair and offer various options and opportunities that can lead to resolution rather than litigation. They are an impartial body, just as Christ in Romans 2:11, â€Å"For there is no partiality with God† (Biblegateway, 1993). This paper will provide a company or manager’s a need to know overview of the EEOC enforcement process and will discuss the personal application from the perspective of a Human Resource Manager. Originating from Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964, the EEOC enforces anti-discrimination law by â€Å"handling claims, initiating and investigating charges of discrimination filed against employers† (Kimbell, 2011). Each claim is funneled through channels that eventually impose compliance with the law. The process begins when an individual files a claim within a 300-day statutory period from the date of the act, or 180 days in some states, of the discrimination based on â€Å"Race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, disability, and genetics or in retaliation for opposing jobShow MoreRelatedHalifax - Performance of Branch 54461675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe perspectives of Human Resources, Operations, Markets, Finance and Accounting, and Information, which are associated with the Halifax’s Balanced Scorecard quadrants and theory ‘Z’. The main concerns were HR management and Information flow, although all perspectives had areas to improve. It was concluded that working with the current manager, building on his experience should improve the branches performance and build it to excel. Primary recommendations were to give the branch manager formalRead MoreThe Classical Perspective And Humanistic Perspective Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesIn a company, managers use a lot of different management perspectives and critical strategies to organises their people and improve productivity. Obviously, it is important to be a remarkable manager in a legendary company. So it is interested to find out how making the right management. Therefore, managers have to understand what the management perspectives are, and also need to know the way to operate them. In this essay, the definitions of two management perspectives will be introduced in fewRead MoreHuman Resource Management : A Theoretical Perspective1241 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management in 21st Century: A Theoretical Perspective Dr.Sushma Tiwari,Faculty,Deptt.of MBA(HRD),A.P.S.University,Rewa(M.P.) ABSTRACT- This article focuses upon role of human resource management practice in 21st century. This theoretical paper is aiming the importance of human resource managers, HR practices and its influencing factors. In addition to that, this article also elaborates the upcoming challenges which are faced by 21st century HR managers. Author has conducted HR literatureRead MoreThe Main Goals Of Organisations World Wide Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement perspective noted, is the classical perspective. The humanistic perspective, followed on shortly after. The two perspectives are useful in the modern businesses, such as Netsanet and SAS, who are utilizing them to be successful in the changing environment. Classical Perspective The industrial revolution, which emerged between the 18th and 19th century, brought about new technology allowing for mass production (Hudson, 1992). These technologies brought new problems and so managers had to respondRead MoreHrm, the Difference Between Hrm and Personel Management998 Words   |  4 Pages1-The difference between human resource management and personnel management. Human resource management and personnel management are a little bit the same. Personnel management is one of the parts of human resource management. Human resource management examines or looks after the wide abstract principle of human resource. It deals with organizational management, personnel administration, industrial management, manpower management, personnel training and development, and organizational developmentRead More Human Resource Management Essay example1709 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresents Human Resource Management which is a â€Å"strategic, integrated and highly distinctive managerial approach to industrial relations† There are many forms of ‘approaches’ used by HRM in managing the employment relationship however there are only two types of HRM; Hard HRM and Soft HRM. Hard HRM uses employees as a resource whereas Soft HRM shows emphasis on employees from a human element therefore more subtle compared to the other. By adopting the hard HRM employees are treated as resources andRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management772 Words   |  4 Pagesbusinesses to adapt quickly to changing opportunities. In a growing number of organizations human resources are now viewed as a source of competitive advantage. There is greater recognition that distinctive competencies are obtained through highly developed employee skills, distinctive organizational cultures, management processes and systems. This is in contrast to the traditional emphasis on transferable resources such as equipment. Increasingly it is being recognized that competitive advantage can beRead MoreManagement in the 1900s were developed from two types of style theories. Douglas McGregor600 Words   |  3 PagesManagement in the 1900s were developed from two types of style theories. Douglas McGregor (1906–1964) had become frustrated with the early simplistic human relations notions while president of Antioch College in Ohio (Draft, 2013, p.47). McGregor formulated Theory X and Theory Y(Draft, 2013, p.47). Theory X tends to be â€Å"old-style† management, and Theory Y â€Å"new-style,† because the styles are based on different assumptions about people (Draft, 2013, p.37). Strong Theory X assumptions are typicallyRead MoreThe Future of Human Resource Management1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe future of Human Resource Management 1.) Introduction The field of Human Resource is one of the most challenging and dynamic areas for European managers. â€Å"Human Resource Management is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. Human Resource Management can also be performed by line managers†. Humane Resource professionals can make the difference between success and failure in anRead MoreTheories of Management in Practice1274 Words   |  5 Pageslearning, and organizational competence. Because employees are key to an organizations success, how well the manager interacts and works with a variety of individuals is key to a managers success. (McGinnis, 2007) Theories and ideas from a variety of disciplines reflect a modern and interdisclipinary approach to problem solving, decision making, training, professional relationships, and perspective regarding 21st century international business practices. The paper will ponder upon the potential application

Language as way to communicate with people Essay Example For Students

Language as way to communicate with people Essay If we receive a gift from someone, which we didnt expected, brings a lot of happiness to us. We get shock and sometime we scream. Sometime we get so excited that we cant express our feeling. When a child is born he/she gets a gift of language from the God. Which he/she cant hide and announce by crying. He/she tells us they also got a gift of language like everyone does. Language is not limited to any race, country and religion. Language is not only of one kind. They are as many as the stars on the sky. Language spreads over the world as the bird spreads its wings. Languages are unlike, like flowers which are of different types and they smell different. Language is not only spoken between human. In addition, language is also spoken between animals. Such as, dogs bark and cats meow etc. If the language is common in both human and animals then the question is raised what is a language? The combination of some words which spilt out from the mouth by he help of tongue and lips and produces noise voice is called language. Language is the power of life/tongue, which explore all the different ways to communicate peoples. Language is the identity of a person. Language denominates the persons personality. It describes the ability of a person like a persons education and his background. What kind of family he belong too? In a group of multi nationality peoples. You can figure out what kind of nationality each of them have by their language and you can guess which country they belong to. For example, a person specking Russian is probably from Russia and Arabic specking is from Arab etc. Even some professions are identifies by a specific language and only they can understand that language. Such as, medical language Biology, identify the doctors and an ordinary person cant understand their language. Mathematic languages identify the engineers. Somehow, a person religion can be identified by his holly book language. For example, Arabic language describes the Muslims, Hebrew describes the Jews and English describe the Christians. The holly books are in these languages and they are translated in to many languages. Language is the beauty of humanity, without language a person is disable. Language is beautiful just like a rainbow, which look gorgeous after the rain when the sun shows up. Exactly like that a person look great when he generate some beautiful words from his mouth. Language is a kind of skill, a skill by which you can impress peoples by using a good and descent language. Language can make you attractive to peoples and you can get their attention. For example, a leader with his speech and a poet with his poetry can get the attention of the public by the skill of language. Poetry makes the person beautiful because its a good language. Language is also a kind of education and an education makes a person beautiful because education will not let the person to use harsh language. Without any language a person is just like a disable person. A person who dont have legs or who is blind or who is missing any organ of his body. Imagine if a person is missing any part of his body then how he/she will look like. Probably he will not look good. If a person cant communicate he or she is like that disable person. Language is so exquisite, that it could make an enemy a friend. For example, if someone is mad, yelling and want to fight with you. But, you dont reply him as he does. You use soft and good language. He will feel that he is wrong and he might not apologize but he will feel guilty. .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 , .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 .postImageUrl , .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 , .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75:hover , .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75:visited , .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75:active { border:0!important; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75:active , .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75 .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50e7c624d30288eb89a5c5ae6ba96e75:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: jackie robinson EssayLanguage is a punishment from God, who faces the problem of communication. Language is taken for granted. Somebody somewhere doesnt have it and that is the punishment. If someone couldnt communicate then he or she is blind because blind person cant see any thing and a person who dont speck a language couldnt enjoy the life. Some peoples are naturally dumb they cant speck. On the other hand, some people can speck but, they become dumb. For example if a person from Spanish colony moves into English colony and cant speck English. He will not able to communicate with others. His life will be boring and he will feel he is in some kind of prison. Language is an art, skill which has many roots and it makes life easy as well as difficult if you dont know the language. According to anthropologist there are no primitive people on the earth today and there are no primitive languages either. Because, the art of language had changed them. All language that we know about, including those that are no longer anyones native language such as, Latin, Homeric Greek etc. are reconstructed to modern language as French, Spanish, Russian etc. Even English language is reconstructed by changing the simple words to hard. For example our ancient used to use the words die, arrest and fat etc in their regular English language. But, in modern, today we use these word in different way like pass away, apprehend and chubby etc. In the currently time English is consider as an international language, so that every one could communicate with each other. But, there are some other languages too, such as Chinese, Russian and Spanish etc. with out learning them a person who is not from them and having a business with them might lose his business or they could fraud him. I think every one should learn as many as languages as he can. Because, its a world of opportunity and no one should let it go so simply. I also participate in the different roots of language. My native language is Urdu and I learned Arabic and English. Learning an other language is a great experience. When I migrated to America I couldnt speck English and I felt my self as a dumb person because I couldnt communicate with peoples and I spoke to others in a sign language. Finally, I got to learn a skill of English language and know, I can communicate freely to anyone.

Employee Understand Organizations Payroll - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Employee Understand Organizations Payroll? Answer: Introducation Employees records are always stored along with maintaining confidentiality keeping the records safe and secured. In todays fast growing technology apart from written records, company prefers storing the datas in their computers or laptops where they can put passwords and secure them (Kundu and Kadian 2012). Smith Jones Pty Ltd also have secured their employees datas where the records of the payroll are kept for 7years and are unlocked only at the time of working hours. The file named MYOB data is the place where this companys payroll datas are stored and it is daily backed up to keep a copy of the data on the off-site drive of the business (Alfred 2014). A password diploma also safeguards it. The written records of the payrolls are kept in bolted filing cupboard to shield the privacy of the informations of the employees. The business of this particular company has an account with ANZ bank apart from it this particular company has no other assets and accountabilities. Any query that is not from the payroll rules is not entertained and the employee is sent to the supervisor for clearing his doubts. The queries are to be met keeping in mind the laws of privacy (Solove and Schwartz 2014). According to the Australian government all, the employees are allowed to for paid annual leaves (Lin, Wong and Ho 2013). Annual leaves are what an employee is paid while they are having time off from work. The annual leave an employee is supposed to get, be it a full time employee or a part time employee, is 4hours, which is based on the usual working hours. Thus, as far as the reports are concerned Julie Simpson, who is a part timer in this company, has been working for 20 hours per week can take maximum of 4 weeks per year of holiday leaves. As Julie Simpson has already taken paid sick leave of 1 day, thus now she is eligible for 3 weeks and 6 days of leave in a year. Annual leaves are calculated from the very first date an employee joins the company also applicable for those who are serving the probation period. However, the leave that remains unused of an employee usually passes to the next year. When the employee is on unpaid annual leave, unpaid sick or careers leave or unpaid parental leave then only there is no accumulation of the annual leave. The Australian Governments scheme of paid parental leave is actually not considered as a paid leave (Baird and Whitehouse 2012). The total number of annual leaves of four weeks of an part time employee is calculated as here the employees working hours will differ week after week so the average working hour should be calculated first based on average working hour the leave the employee can result per week (Moss 2012). Then the total hours of annual leave is calculated that they can avail, the hours of already taken leave are decreased and finally, if they are ending with their employment then in their final amount their owned money must be reflected. Thus, the annual leave is based on the hours of work (Todd and Binns 2013). As the businesses are raising thus the organizations are wanting that their existing employees to give extra hours to the work (Fujimoto and Azmat 2014). Thus, Julie Simpson who want to work on Saturdays as her boss has suggested her to will get paid and allowances as far as the companys rules that is she will get double the time for working on Saturdays than the usual charges that is applied who does overtime on the weekdays. Julie has already put in overtime of 3 hours in this following month. Thus for employees who are eligible for working overtime that is the time after his working hours is when there is no health related risk for the employees in case of working extra, the personal state of the employee involving his responsibly regarding his family (Charlesworth and Heron 2012). It further involves the requirements of the company, the employee is permitted to receive the payments or penalty charges for the overtimes, the employees are given enough notice that they may had to wo rk overtime and lastly the usual stand of working in the industry. According to the fair work commission (FWC) presently handed a decision which says that some allowances will be applicable both casual and part time employees via different awards (Stewart et al. 2014). Part time employees are different from the full time employees in cases where the full time employees works for longer durations for an average of 38 hours a week on the other hand, the casual employees work or irregular intervals of time and also does not get any paid sick or annual leave (Blyton et al. 2017). Whereas, the part-time employees get the same least amount of allocations as the full time employee, which is based on, the hours spend each week. Therefore, Julie Simpson will also get the allocations for working on Saturdays. Superannuation is a process of saving for the employees retirement. The money actually is coming from the donations made into the companys super fund by the employees name and preferably exceeding by their own money (Productivity Commission 2015). It is not ultimate salary scheme therefore the income will depend on the production of the employees funds. It is essential for all employers to provide the employees of their company an option for superannuation funds that includes- recognizing fresh employees who are eligible for this scheme, supplying them with a guideline form to those who are eligible, working on the selection that the employee has made over the fund scheme (Agnew, Bateman and Thorp 2012). However, as today the entire companys details are stored in the computers. In the computers it is secured as well, it is the quickest way to provide the information asked for so to check the superannuation payments of both Fred Jones and George Smith the steps that needed to be follo wed are first the it need to go to the search menu where the Superannuation funds are. It is where a window appears named Superannuation Fund list. Here by clicking this it may ask for the respective employees name or membership number. Providing that the information will be automatically generated. The MYOB file is very important because all the informations of this company is stored here which is protected with password, back up is done daily and for this system the audit trail is kept on. The payments reports are to be thoroughly searched. Payments reports are those reports where all the associate employees credits and lenders those the employee may face due to late or miss in any payment are found in details. MYOB file is a file of the company that is created for the business purpose. In this very file all the information are stored about the business and the employees like the business name, the contact details of both the company and the employees and the financial year. However, corporation act 2001, which has been reviewed by the ASIC on its requirements (King et al. 2014). This has however pursued input from as many as professional bodies and associates possible to compose a plan of suitable books and records. It further states that the companies must retain written rec ords on the finances that accurately explains as well as records the transactions and the position of finances and productivity of each employee as well as the company. Then it further allows true and equitable statements of finances that must be prepared and scrutinized. Apart from keeping written records, companies must retain electronically the records of the employees and about the company. However, the section 288 of this corporations Act defines that if the records are to be kept in electronic forms then it must be changeable to a hard copy (Ferran and Ho 2014). This company of Smith and Jones actually follows AMP life superannuation, which is the company in Australia and New Zealand that deals with superannuation and investments, insurances, advices on finance and banking that includes the home loans and saving accounts (Vidyattama et al. 2013). Thus, the advices that would be provided to Fred about his and George Smiths payments are that Freds total amount is $4,680 and Georges $2268. Following this information, the advices that are provided are the superannuation responsibilities for the employees. This however comprises of the Australian superannuation law that the employees must follow (Liu 2013). The very first rule is to pay the guarantee of superannuation, then to provide a choice of funds, offering a standard choice form that is to be used by the employee, the employees choice of funds must not be influenced by the company. The income of the employees must be calculated correctly, keeping genuine records of those employees who have been offered with choices of funds and so on, employees should be kept informed, helping employees with their salary sacrificing if solicited by the employees and lastly to confirm the tax file numbers if necessary. However, this means that the employees must proceed with their employees tax file numbers (TFN) to their superannuation fund for authorized purposes (Latimer 2012). The pay for the superannuation eligible employees is calculated from that very day when they have joined the company. The payments should be made minimum four times in a year. However, if the due date is falling on a weekend or in some public holidays then the payment can be made on the next very working day. The payments can be made regularly than quarterly if the employee wants to as long as the employees total superannuation guarantees commitment for the quarter is offered by the required date. The quarterly payment due dates for the superannuation payments for according to Australian taxation office are - Quarter Period Payment due date 1 1st July to 30th September 28th October 2 1st October to 31st December 28th January 3 1st January to 31st March 28th April 4 1st April to 30th June 28th July However, some superannuation funds require employees to contribute on the monthly basis. If employees are deciding to register with this type of a funding scheme then it means they are willing to make monthly payments to that fund. The payments are to be made on complying super funds or the retirement savings accounts (RSA). The complying super fund is the one that encounters particular needs and duties under the super law and An RSA is a kind of account that provides by the companies such as banks and constructing societies for the savings for retirement Sick leave are also called personal leave that an employee take time off to assist themselves dealing with their personal illnesses, caring duties and emergencies in family. This leave can be utilized if an employee is unwell or injured. There might be some other reasons like the employee may have to take care of some ailing member in their immediate family or may be in case of some emergency in their family , this is known as carers leave though it is included in the employees personal leave equilibrium (Duffield et al. 2014). According to the National Employment Standards, this involves both the paid and unpaid leaves allocations. Employees can take their paid sick leaves when they cannot continue to work due to their personal illnesses or injury. These illnesses can also include issues related to stress or pregnancy. However, all the employees excluding the employees who are causal workers are all qualified for paid sick or carers leave. The employees are eligible to get the same grant for both sick and carers leave. Further, an employee gets 10days of leave for the full-time employees and for part-time employees they get a pro rata of 10days every year determined by their working hours (Kosny and Lifshen 2012). To investigate this query the written as well as the electronic databases are to be looked for the information. The data can be found in the process pay report of the second week, which reflects the weekly payments of the employees, paid overtimes, sick leaves, and wage increase, long service leaves, pay slips, procedure and payroll advices of the employees. The Employee data year to date figures will also show the holiday and sick leave that the employee is having or not for this month, following that is the year to date figures that reflects the sick pay amount. The records that the organization keeps are general, about the pay, the hours of work served, number of leaves taken or left, superannuation contributions, employees flexibility agreements , guarantee of the yearly earnings of the employee, termination of an employee, transfer of the business where the old employee has to provide the fresh employee with business related information. Reports are kept in both manual and electronic ways. Some companies still favors manual record keeping but due to growing technology and time consumption maximum companies now prefers electronic record keeping method. Both these report keeping methods have certain advantages as well as disadvantages. The employee data year to date figures states that Julie Simpson is eligible to get sick leaves and the sick pay will be amounting to $280. However the advices that can be provided to the employee is related to sick leaves where the employees should know that in order to avail the sick leave medical proof is necessary. Then discharge of an employee cannot be taken place while that person is in their sick leave. Further advices that the employees can be provided are that in Australia many small businesses are operated with very inclined operations, which mainly requires all employees plus management to be doing things jointly, and in a multi-functional way. However, in this scenario if any of the employees develops an everlasting medical condition that causes the worker to take lavish amount of sick leave, this definitely acts as an additional burden to the business. This involves a drop in employees morale when other employees have to cover the work of the absent employee, it may be without pay in a few occasions. Therefore, it is relieving the companys tension by releasing the employee on personal leave and employ another constant employee instantly because it would have been expensive for the company to hire a new worker train them and them release them as soon as the old employee return form their leaves (Estryn-Bhar and Van der Heijden 2012). Many organizations are found that the total staff they have, can undergo a situation where they came across workers those who have negative yearly and personal or carers leave. In such cases, the company can revise their policies regarding leaves to involve statements like for example sick or carers leave availing employees must present medical documents, there may be a gap of five days on leaves those are negative excluding special cases where the employee seeking approval from the managing director or the Human resource head. The Fair work act 2009, permits the company to appeal that a worker supply a medical document or any confirmation that the leave was taken because of the reasons that are stated under the allocation of personal or carers leave. However, if the employee is unable to provide any of the medical documentations then the company has the full authority to undertake disciplinary procedures. Moreover, the Fair worker act of 2009 forbid firing as an employee is temporar ily unavailable on a sick leave. So according to this law mentioned here a worker can take leave for a number of reasons involving holiday, illness or to care for some dear ones (Macdonald and Charlesworth 2013). The least leave claims are defined in the National Employment Standards that is in the Fair work Act but still a particular agreement or workers contract might bestow for other allocations of leaves. The payment structure for sick leaves is actually the basic rate of payment that is allowed to the employees when they are taking sick or personal leaves. They are not eligible for other allocations then like the overtimes they would normally work for, payments based on incentives, bonus, loadings and the rates for penalty. Payment processing is the procedure and service that automatically makes the transactions of the payments between the employers and employees (Keresman 2012). The machines that summons, verify, accept or rejects eventually processes the transaction with the help of safe internet connection. However, the payroll processing is more or less same for all assisting countries, which involves processing the pre-payrolls, printing the payments, adjoining entries of the journals, managing the reports of payroll and conducting the ultimate updates. Therefore, the payment processing presents programs that allow the company to record the reference data that is useful for the future. On the other hand, the payroll system is the designed software to arrange all the functions of the workers payment and filing the taxes of the workers. This charge can actually involve the retention of hours of works, creating wages, concealing taxes as well as deductions, printing and delivering the checks and final ly employees tax payment to the government. The payroll processing however involves the calculations of the payments that are made based on their work in the company. The processing and payment payroll of this particular company Smith Jones Pty Ltd is as follows:- Now the main point to remember here while processing the payroll is how much the employee get paid, what amount to deduct for the different federal, state and local taxes and the reasons for the amount paid and deducted. Then the process starts paying the worker in the weekly, bi-weekly or bi-monthly basis, restrain the proper amount for from paychecks and keeping a record of it, depositing the overall Federal taxes along with if possible then state taxes, quarterly files IRS Form 941 that defines what has been deposited each month from the foregoing quarter (Ventry 2016). Lastly, the files where the necessary deducted and deposited records are summarized. To maintain the security and confidentiality the steps that must be taken regarding the payroll information are that any physical hard copies that have any kind of payroll information must be locked at all times and so a secured surrounding is of basic importance. Then there must be certain guidelines that who all can access the payroll information along with strict supervision on the worker until they are in the department of payroll. Organizations electronic security is of high importance like password protection for all computers and databases. Lastly, the important one is to handling the disposal properly as this can bread the security if any small information is into any wrong hands (Romney and Steinbart 2012). At first of every month, the pay of each employee is credited. This procedure starts with collecting the employees wage information. These wages are to be very minutely tracked. An organization has a number of taxes however; the gross pay must be excluded from those taxes. Retirement contributions can also be cut out from the pay then calculations are done and the amounts are transferred to each employees salary account. The company always keeps a record of the allowances that are to be paid to every employee. However, a payment becomes an allowance when it is a precise, fixed amount of money to cover approximate money (Krger and Yeandle 2013). It is paid to the respective employees even if the employee does not exhaust the total amount. The employees can claim the deductions for work-related expenses that they have incurred while performing their job as the employee of the organization. Along with it they may also claim those deductions that are not related to work like the investments in interest and dividend withdrawal, the subtractions for gifts and other donations and also deductions for the price paid for managing the tax related issues. An organization always owes their worker certain duties, which are mainly implied by the law or are there in the contract with the employees. The few obligations for which records must be kept and it must be met are the employee should get the amount for doing his job and arriving at time, they must be provided with work that they are promised to before hiring, health and safety regulations must be observed. There must be right information provided to the employees that are stated in their contract, opportunity to solve their problems by the organization and lastly both employee and the organization owe each other mutual trust and respect one another. The internal measures that the company should take so that the payment are processed on time consists of five interconnected components which are control over the surroundings, assessments of the threats, controlling the activities for the payroll which includes hiring, documentation, authorization, reconciliation. Then proper communication is must so that appropriate information can be reliable, accurate and on time and finally keeping a check that all the procedures for payroll are taking place in the right time (Bray et al. 2012). References Agnew, J.R., Bateman, H. and Thorp, S., 2012. Superannuation knowledge and plan behaviour. Alfred, B., 2014. Impact of Computerized Accounting on Performance of Payroll Accounting: Case Study of Urban Water and Sewerage of Authorities (Doctoral dissertation, The Open University of Tanzania). Arbon, C.A., Facer, R.L. and Wadsworth, L.L., 2012. Compressed Workweeks-Strategies for Successful Implementation. Public Personnel Management, 41(3), pp.389-405. Baird, M. and Whitehouse, G., 2012. Paid parental leave: first birthday policy review. Australian Bulletin of Labour, 38(3), p.184. Blyton, P., Hassard, J., Hill, S. and Starkey, K., 2017. Time, work and organization. Taylor Francis. Bray, C.A., Elbert, R.A., Hodge, D.M. and McGhee, M.R., Sprint Communications Company LP, 2012. Payroll time measurement and reporting. U.S. Patent 8,306,854. Charlesworth, S. and Heron, A., 2012. New Australian working time minimum standards: Reproducing the same old gendered architecture?. Journal of Industrial relations, 54(2), pp.164-181. Duffield, C.M., Roche, M.A., Homer, C., Buchan, J. and Dimitrelis, S., 2014. A comparative review of nurse turnover rates and costs across countries. Journal of advanced nursing, 70(12), pp.2703-2712. Estryn-Bhar, M. and Van der Heijden, B.I., 2012. Effects of extended work shifts on employee fatigue, health, satisfaction, work/family balance, and patient safety. Work, 41(Supplement 1), pp.4283-4290. Ferran, E. and Ho, L.C., 2014. Principles of corporate finance law. Oxford University Press. Fujimoto, Y. and Azmat, F., 2014. Organizational justice of worklife balance for professional/managerial group and non-professional group in Australia: Creation of inclusive and fair organizations. Journal of Management Organization, 20(5), pp.587-607. Keresman III, M.A., Bhagavatula, R., Balasubramanian, C. and Sherwin, F.M., CardinalCommerce Corporation, 2012. Secure and efficient payment processing system with account holder defined transaction limitations. U.S. Patent 8,170,954. King, D., Gissane, C., Brughelli, M., Hume, P.A. and Harawira, J., 2014. Sport-related concussions in New Zealand: A review of 10years of Accident Compensation Corporation moderate to severe claims and costs. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 17(3), pp.250-255. Kosny, A.A. and Lifshen, M.E., 2012. A national scan of employment standards, occupational health and safety and workers' compensation resources for new immigrants to Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante'e Publique, pp.53-58. Krger, T. and Yeandle, S. eds., 2013. Combining paid work and family care. Policy Press. Kundu, S.C. and Kadian, R., 2012. Applications of HRIS in human resource management in India: A study. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(21), pp.34-41. Latimer, P., 2012. Australian Business Law 2012. CCH Australia Limited. Lin, J.H., Wong, J.Y. and Ho, C.H., 2013. Promoting frontline employees' quality of life: Leisure benefit systems and work-to-leisure conflicts. Tourism Management, 36, pp.178-187. Liu, K., 2013. Australian superannuation: Operational structure, investment performance and trustee governance. Macdonald, F. and Charlesworth, S., 2013. Equal pay under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth): mainstreamed or marginalised. UNSWLJ, 36, p.563. Moss, P. ed., 2012. International review of leave policies and related research 2012. International Network on Leave Policies and Related Research. Productivity Commission, 2015. Superannuation policy for post-retirement. Romney, M.B. and Steinbart, P.J., 2012. Accounting information systems. Boston: Pearson. Solove, D.J. and Schwartz, P., 2014. Information privacy law. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Stewart, A.J., Bray, M., Macneil, J. and Oxenbridge, S., 2014. 'Promoting cooperative and productive workplace relations': exploring the Fair Work Commission's new role. Todd, P. and Binns, J., 2013. Worklife balance: is it now a problem for management?. Gender, Work Organization, 20(3), pp.219-231. Ventry, D., 2016. Internal Revenue Service Advisory Council, 2016 Public Report. IRS Advisory Council. Vidyattama, Y., Cassells, R., Harding, A. and Mcnamara, J., 2013. Rich or poor in retirement? A small area analysis of Australian private superannuation savings in 2006 using spatial microsimulation. Regional Studies, 47(5), pp.722-739.

Strategic Marketing Plan For Stromner Music, Inc. free essay sample

A marketing plan for a fictitious new company in the hi-tech music world which uses MP3 technology. This paper presents a detailed business and marketing plan for a new start-up in the music world. The paper shows how the company hopes to fill the void left by Napster and other companies which offered MP3 technology the ability to download music digitally and listen to it on your PC. Point examined in the paper are the background and scope of the market, the mission statement of the company, SWOT analysis, competition analysis, media and advertising, distribution and pricing strategies.

The Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902)

The Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902) From October 11, 1899, until May 31, 1902, the Second Boer War (also known as the South African War and the Anglo-Boer War) was fought in South Africa between the British and the Boers (Dutch settlers in southern Africa). The Boers had founded two independent South African republics (the Orange Free State and the South African Republic) and had a long history of distrust and dislike for the British that surrounded them. After gold was discovered in the South African Republic in 1886, the British wanted the area under their control. In 1899, the conflict between the British and the Boers burgeoned into a full-fledged war that was fought in three stages: a Boer offensive against British command posts and railway lines, a British counteroffensive that brought the two republics under British control, and a Boer guerrilla resistance movement that prompted a widespread scorched-earth campaign by the British and the internment and deaths of thousands of Boer civilians in British concentration camps. The first phase of the war gave the Boers the upper hand over British forces, but the latter two phases eventually brought victory to the British and placed the previously independent Boer territories firmly under British dominion leading, eventually, to the complete unification of South Africa as a British colony in 1910. Who Were the Boers? In 1652, the Dutch East India Company established the first staging post at the Cape of Good Hope (the southernmost tip of Africa); this was a place where ships could rest and resupply during the long voyage to the exotic spice markets along India’s western coast. This staging post attracted settlers from Europe for whom life on the continent had become unbearable due to economic difficulties and religious oppression. At the turn of the 18th century, the Cape had become home to settlers from Germany and France; however, it was the Dutch who made up the majority of the settler population. They came to be known as â€Å"Boers†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢- the Dutch word for farmers. As time passed, a number of Boers began migrating to the hinterlands where they believed they would have more autonomy to conduct their daily lives without the heavy regulations imposed on them by the Dutch East India Company. The British Move Into South Africa Britain, who viewed the Cape as an excellent staging post on the route to their colonies in Australia and India, attempted to take control over Cape Town from the Dutch East India Company, which had effectively gone bankrupt.  In 1814, Holland officially handed the colony over to the British Empire. Almost immediately, the British began a campaign to â€Å"Anglicize† the colony. English became the official language, rather than Dutch, and official policy encouraged the immigration of settlers from Great Britain. The issue of slavery became another point of contention. Britain officially abolished the practice in 1834 throughout their empire, which meant that the Cape’s Dutch settlers also had to relinquish their ownership of black slaves. The British did offer compensation to the Dutch settlers for relinquishing their slaves, but this compensation was seen as insufficient and their anger was compounded by the fact that the compensation had to be collected in London, some 6,000 miles away. Boer Independence The tension between Great Britain and South Africa’s Dutch settlers eventually prompted many Boers to move their families further into South Africa’s interior- away from British control- where they could establish an autonomous Boer state. This migration from Cape Town into the South African hinterland from 1835 to the early 1840s came to be known as â€Å"The Great Trek.† (Dutch settlers who remained in Cape Town, and thus under British rule, became known as Afrikaners.) The Boers came to embrace a new-found sense of nationalism and sought to establish themselves as an independent Boer nation, dedicated to Calvinism and a Dutch way of life. By 1852, a settlement was reached between the Boers and the British Empire granting sovereignty to those Boers who had settled beyond the Vaal River in the northeast. The 1852 settlement and another settlement, reached in 1854, brought about the creation of two independent Boer republics- the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The Boers now had their own home. The First Boer War Despite the Boers’ newly won autonomy, their relationship with the British continued to be tense. The two Boer republics were financially unstable and still relied heavily on British help. The British, conversely, distrusted the Boers- viewing them as quarrelsome and thickheaded. In 1871, the British moved to annex the diamond territory of the Griqua People, which had previously been incorporated by the Orange Free State. Six years later, the British annexed the Transvaal, which was plagued by bankruptcy and endless squabbles with native populations. These moves angered Dutch settlers throughout South Africa. In 1880, after first allowing the British to defeat their common Zulu enemy, the Boers finally rose up in rebellion, taking up arms against the British with the purpose of reclaiming the Transvaal. The crisis is known as the First Boer War. The First Boer War lasted only a few short months, from December 1880 until March 1881. It was a disaster for the British, who had greatly underestimated the military skill and efficiency of the Boer militia units. In the early weeks of the war, a group of less than 160 Boer militiamen attacked a British regiment, killing 200 British soldiers in 15 minutes. In late February 1881, the British lost a total of 280 soldiers at Majuba, while the Boers are said to have suffered only one single casualty. Britain’s Prime Minister William E. Gladstone forged a compromise peace with the Boers that granted the Transvaal self-government while still keeping it as an official colony of Great Britain. The compromise did little to appease the Boers and tension between the two sides continued. In 1884, Transvaal President Paul Kruger successfully renegotiated the original agreement. Although control of foreign treaties remained with Britain, Britain did, however, drop the Transvaal’s official status as a British colony. The Transvaal was then officially renamed the South African Republic. Gold The discovery of roughly 17,000 square miles of gold fields in Witwatersrand in 1886, and the subsequent opening of those fields for public digging would make the Transvaal region the prime destination for gold diggers from all over the globe. The 1886 gold rush not only transformed the poor, agrarian South African Republic into an economic powerhouse, it also caused a great deal of turmoil for the young republic. The Boers were leery of the foreign prospectors- whom they dubbed â€Å"Uitlanders† (â€Å"outlanders†)- pouring into their country from across the world to mine the Witwatersrand fields. Tensions between Boers and Uitlanders eventually prompted Kruger to adopt harsh laws that would limit the general freedoms of the Uitlanders and seek to protect Dutch culture in the region. These included policies to limit access to education and press for Uitlanders, making the Dutch language obligatory, and keeping the Uitlanders disenfranchised. These policies further eroded relations between Great Britain and the Boers as many of those rushing to the gold fields were British sovereigns. Also, the fact that Britain’s Cape Colony had now slipped into the South African Republic’s economic shadow, made Great Britain even more determined to secure its African interests and to bring the Boers to heel.   The Jameson Raid The outrage expressed against Kruger’s harsh immigration policies caused many in the Cape Colony and in Britain itself to anticipate a widespread Uitlander uprising in Johannesburg. Among them was the Cape Colony’s prime minister and diamond magnate Cecil Rhodes. Rhodes was a staunch colonialist and thus believed Britain should acquisition the Boer territories (as well as the gold fields there). Rhodes sought to exploit Uitlander discontent in the Transvaal and pledged to invade the Boer republic in the event of an uprising by Uitlanders. He entrusted 500 Rhodesian (Rhodesia having been named after him) mounted police to his agent, Dr. Leander Jameson. Jameson had express instructions not to enter the Transvaal until an Uitlander uprising was underway. Jameson ignored his instructions and on December 31, 1895, entered the territory only to be captured by Boer militiamen. The event, known as the Jameson Raid, was a debacle and forced Rhodes to resign as the Cape’s prime minister. The Jameson raid only served to increase tension and distrust between the Boers and the British. Kruger’s continued harsh policies against the Uitlanders and his cozy relationship with Britain’s colonial rivals, continued to fuel the empire’s ire towards the Transvaal republic during the waning years of the 1890s. Paul Kruger’s election to a fourth term as president of the South African Republic in 1898, finally convinced Cape politicians that the only way to deal with the Boers would be through the use of force. After several failed attempts at reaching a compromise, the Boers had their fill and by September of 1899 were preparing for full war with the British Empire. That same month the Orange Free State publicly declared its support for Kruger. The Ultimatum On October 9th, Alfred Milner, the governor of the Cape Colony, received a telegram from authorities in the Boer capital of Pretoria. The telegram laid out a point-by-point ultimatum. The ultimatum demanded peaceful arbitration, the removal of British troops along their border, British troop reinforcements be recalled, and that British reinforcements who were coming via ship, not land. The British replied that no such conditions could be met and by the evening of October 11, 1899, Boer forces began crossing over the borders into Cape Province and Natal. The Second Boer War had begun. The Second Boer War Begins: The Boer Offensive Neither the Orange Free State nor the South African Republic commanded large, professional armies. Their forces, instead, consisted of militias called â€Å"commandos† that consisted of â€Å"burghers† (citizens). Any burgher between the ages of 16 and 60 was liable to be called up to serve in a commando and each often brought their own rifles and horses. A commando consisted of anywhere between 200 and 1,000 burghers and was headed by a â€Å"Kommandant† who was elected by the commando itself. Commando members, furthermore, were allowed to sit as equals in general councils of war to which they often brought their own individual ideas about tactics and strategy. The Boers who made up these commandos were excellent shots and horsemen, as they had to learn to survive in a very hostile environment from a very young age. Growing up in the Transvaal meant that one often had protected one’s settlements and herds against lions and other predators.  This made the Boer militias a formidable enemy. The British, on the other hand, were experienced with leading campaigns on the African continent and yet were completely unprepared for a full-scale war. Thinking that this was a mere squabble that would soon be resolved, the British lacked reserves in ammunition and equipment; plus, they had no suitable military maps available for use either.   The Boers took advantage of the British’s ill-preparedness and moved quickly in the early days of the war. Commandos spread out in several directions from the Transvaal and Orange Free State, besieging three railway towns- Mafeking, Kimberley, and Ladysmith- in order to impede the transport of British reinforcements and equipment from the coast. The Boers also won several major battles during the early months of the war. Most notably these were the battles of Magersfontein, Colesberg, and Stormberg, which all occurred during what became known as â€Å"Black Week† between December 10 and 15, 1899. Despite this successful initial offensive, the Boers never sought to occupy any of the British-held territories in South Africa; they focused instead on besieging supply lines and ensuring that the British were too undersupplied and disorganized to launch their own offensive. In the process, the Boers greatly taxed their resources and their failure to push further into British-held territories allowed the British time to resupply their armies from the coast. The British may have faced defeat early on but the tide was about to turn. Phase Two: The British Resurgence By January of 1900, neither the Boers (despite their many victories) nor the British had made much headway. The Boer sieges of strategic British rail lines continued but the Boer militias were rapidly growing weary and low on supplies. The British government decided it was time to gain the upper hand and sent two troop divisions to South Africa, which included volunteers from colonies like Australia and New Zealand. This amounted to roughly 180,000 men- the largest army Britain had ever sent overseas to this point. With these reinforcements, the disparity between the numbers of troops was huge, with 500,000 British soldiers but only 88,000 Boers. By late February, British forces had managed to move up strategic railway lines and finally relieve Kimberley and Ladysmith from Boer besiegement. The Battle of Paardeberg, which lasted nearly ten days, saw a major defeat of Boer forces. Boer general Piet Cronjà © surrendered to the British along with more than 4,000 men. A series of further defeats greatly demoralized the Boers, who were also plagued by starvation and disease brought on by months of sieges with little to no supply relief. Their resistance began to collapse. By March 1900, British forces led by Lord Frederick Roberts had occupied Bloemfontein (the capital of the Orange Free State) and by May and June, they had taken Johannesburg and the South African Republic’s capital, Pretoria. Both republics were annexed by the British Empire. Boer leader Paul Kruger escaped capture and went into exile in Europe, where much of the population’s sympathy lay with the Boer cause. Squabbles erupted within Boer ranks between the bittereinders (â€Å"bitter-enders†) who wanted to keep fighting and those hendsoppers (â€Å"hands-uppers†) who favored surrender.  Many Boer burghers did end up surrendering at this point, but about 20,000 others decided to fight on. The last, and most destructive, phase of the war was about to begin. Despite the British victories, the guerrilla phase would last more than two years. Phase Three: Guerrilla Warfare, Scorched Earth, and Concentration Camps Despite having annexed both Boer republics, the British barely managed to control either one. The guerrilla war that was launched by resistant burghers and led by generals Christiaan de Wet and Jacobus Hercules de la Rey, kept the pressure on British forces throughout the Boer territories. Rebel Boer commandos relentlessly raided British communication lines and army bases with swift, surprise attacks often conducted at night. Rebel commandos had the ability to form on a moment’s notice, conduct their attack and then vanish as if into thin air, confusing British forces who barely knew what had hit them. The British response to the guerrillas was three-fold. Firstly, Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, commander of the South African British forces, decided to set up barbed wire and blockhouses along the railway lines to keep the Boers at bay. When this tactic failed, Kitchener decided to adopt a â€Å"scorched earth† policy that systematically sought to destroy food supplies and deprive the rebels of shelter. Whole towns and thousands of farms were plundered and burned; livestock was killed. Lastly, and perhaps most controversially, Kitchener ordered the construction of concentration camps in which thousands of women and children- mostly those left homeless and destitute by his scorched earth policy- were interred.   The concentration camps were severely mismanaged. Food and water were scarce in the camps and starvation and disease caused the deaths of over 20,000. Black Africans were also interred in segregated camps primarily as a source of cheap labor for gold mines. The camps were widely criticized, especially in Europe where British methods in the war were already under heavy scrutiny. Kitchener’s reasoning was that the internment of civilians would not only further deprive the burghers of food, which had been supplied to them by their wives on the homestead, but that it would prompt the Boers to surrender in order to be reunited with their families. Most notable among the critics in Britain was Liberal activist Emily Hobhouse, who worked tirelessly to expose the conditions in the camps to an outraged British public. The revelation of the camp system severely damaged the reputation of Britain’s government and furthered the cause for Boer nationalism abroad.   Peace Nevertheless, the strong-arm tactics of the British against the Boers eventually served their purpose. The Boer militias grew weary of fighting and morale was breaking down. The British had offered peace terms in March of 1902, but to no avail. By May of that year, however, Boer leaders finally accepted peace conditions and signed the Treaty of Vereenigingon May 31, 1902. The treaty officially ended the independence of both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State and placed both territories under British army administration. The treaty also called for the immediate disarmament of the burghers and included a provision for funds to be made available for the reconstruction of the Transvaal. The Second Boer War had come to an end and eight years later, in 1910, South Africa was united under British dominion and became the Union of South Africa.

Positive Behavior Support Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Positive Behavior Support - Research Paper Example The positive behavior support is an essential form of applied behavior analysis. The PBS often uses system towards understanding the principles that often maintains the changing human behaviors. The inappropriate behaviors of humanity are often difficult to change since they form the functional purpose of humanity. Human behaviors are often supported and reinforced by the environment upon which they exist (Klein, Cook, and Richardson-Gibbs, 2001). Therefore, in case of children and students, adults’ form the environment about which the child grows. Thus, the behaviors of the adult that will shape and reinforce the child or student’s desirable behaviors since children and students will only receive attention and or objects because of the adult’s behavior.According to functional behavior assessments, behaviors are often identified within defined contexts including situation, time, and events that usually define or predict the occurrence or lack of occurrence of beh avior as well as the identity that will consequently maintain such a behavior. FBAs also create and summarize hypothesis on behavior (Gonzalez and Joint Doctoral Program in Educational Leadership, 2009). This hypothesis directly collects data and observes behaviors to obtain the baseline of these behaviors before other external or social factors get into play. Ideally, positive behaviors often support processes that lead to identification of goals, information gathering, implementation and monitoring, hypothesis development, and support plan design. (Simonsen and et al., 2010). Decreasing undesirable behaviors requires techniques that include desirability, feasibility, and effectiveness. However, teachers and parents often require these strategies, and they must be willing to use them towards making the students and children to participate in school and community development activities (Hanbury, 2007). Notably, positive behavior support has been recognized as a strategy that helps in meeting these strategies effectively. Changing reinforcement and stimulus in the teaching and environment of the child will automatically strengthen deficit skills in areas that their behaviors will change to allow them general education setting (Gonzalez and Joint Doctoral Program in Educational Leadership, 2009). There are usually three deficit skills areas that children and students will always changes due to the change in their environment factors. These areas include social skills, communication skills, and self-management skills (Riffel, 2011). Positive behavior support often forms a re-directive therapy especially in line with parent child relationship. In most cases, when other treatments plans fail, the re-directive therapy is often allowed for positive interaction between children and parents as well as between teachers and teachers. Origin and Development of Positive Behavior Support The positive behavior support or the positive behavioral intervention and or support originated from quite controversial circumstances that were overseen as related to the individuals’

Anything that expresses my belief system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anything that expresses my belief system - Essay Example No doubt everyone would think that is the most inhuman thing to a person. Why then do some people think abortion should be a human right when it is clear that it contravenes the moral pillars of our society? Many people thin that abortion is a fundamental human right that should be observed. I was one ardent support of abortion until my interaction with Juliet, a pro-life activist, who is now a good friend of mine. It was around 10 a.m. on a Saturday when I and my friend Rose set for an appointment with a doctor who was to perform an abortion for Rose. As we were travelling to the hospital, which was far off our residential area for fear of meeting people who knew us, I kept mulling over many things. What if this unborn child could be the future president of this country? What if the procedure goes wrong and Rose would never have another baby? What if our parents had done the same thing, would we be there today? The questions kept flooding my mind, but I would not confront my friend to stop what she had planned for an entire fortnight. As we sat patiently waiting for our turn with the doctor, a young beautiful lady approached us. She seemed to have known what service we were seeking. â€Å"My dear sister, abortion is not the best thing to do. Imagine if your mother had done the same thing to you, where would you be? It is ungodly and violates the child’s right to life†. These words keep ringing on my mind every moment I hear the word â€Å"abortion†. Despite all her attempts to woo Rose from aborting her baby, she insisted. Unfortunately, things never went well and Rose later succumbed from some complication she developed after procuring the abortion. Her inhumane behavior as Juliet put it turned against her. Kant morality emphasizes reason, duty and good will (Hill 20). Kant argues that we should pursue moral perfection. In many societies, moral values hold that murder is wrong. This universal agreement is what Kant refers

Human bioscience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human bioscience - Essay Example pH has a direct effect on the structure of proteins in the human body as pH aberrations lead to either excess protonation or deprotonation of the proteins. This has a direct effect on the protein structures making them less functional. Proteins form the major component of bodily structures, enzymes and chemical components, and their chemical sensitivity to pH leads to an increased demand for regulator mechanisms so that pH can be maintained within the required ranges. pH maintainence is important mainly in the blood or the extracellular compartment, however, several cells of the body and even the brain require a proper maintainence of intracellular pH levels. Intracellular compartments are mainly more acidic than the extracellular compartments because of the negative charges on the inside of the cells. Cells also contain hydrogen pumps such as H-ATPase and Na/H exchanger pumps which are crucial in maintaining the pH inside the cells and keep in metabollicaly active (Seifter, et al., 2005 pg.392). pH of the blood is susceptible to changes in response to several physiological as well as pathological processes and body mechanisms work in conjunction regulate the ranges. pH ranges are subjected to alterations after increased acid or basic food intake, excessive exercise or in conditions such as alcoholism, salicylate poisoning, diabetes or hyperventilation. These are only some of the examples which alter the pH levels and require prompt compensations. Body responds by its chemical buffering system, respiratory mechanisms and renal compensations mainly to keep the pH withing the normal ranges. The acid base homeostasis of the body is maintained by body buffers, chemosensors present in the brain as well as the circulation, the kidneys and the lungs. These components form the basic acid-base apparatus of the human body. The buffers present in the body include bicarbonate, proteins, phosphate and other

The Widening Scope Of Information Systems Information Technology Essay

The Widening Scope Of Information Systems Information Technology Essay In this literature review work has been carried out in my chosen field by concerning different books, electronic journals and other web resources to conduct this literature review. Introduction to Information Technology The term information technology is widely used to describe an industry; in reality by information technology I mean the use of different hardware and software for protecting, assembling, utilizing and controlling information. The use of computers and different software for information management is also refers as MIS, management information system or just information system in different companies. Large companys MIS are responsible to carry out following activities:- Storing information Protecting information Processing the information Transmitting the information as necessary Retrieving information as necessary To accomplish its complex task Information technology department is required to utilize computers, computers, servers, database management systems, and cryptography. The modern IT department would be comprised of several System Administrators, Database Administrators and at least one Information Technology Manager. Normally the whole team is suppose to report to the Chief Information Officer (CIO). Source : MSc Information Systems Computing. Latest Theory Meets Latest Technology. www.Brunel.ac.uk/IS The widening scope of information systems According to Lauden Laudon,( 2004) The widening scope of information system is the new relationship between organization and information system, there is a growing interdependence between business strategy, rules and procedures, on one hand and information system software, hardware, database and telecommunications on another. A change in any of these components often requires change in other component. These relationships become critical when management plan for future. What a business would like to do five years often depends on what its systems will be able to do. Increasing market share becoming high-quality or low -cost procedure, developing new procedures and increasing employee productivity depends more on the kinds and quality of information systems in the organization. A second change in relationship between information system and organization results from the growing reach and scope of system projects and application. Building and managing system today involves a much larger part of the organization than it did in the past .as the firm become more like digital firms the system enterprise extends to customer, vendors and even industry competitors. where early systems produced largely technical changes that effected only a few people in the firm .contemporary systems have been bringing about managerial changes (who has what information about whom when, and how often)and institutional core changes (what product and services are produces ,under what conditions ,and by whom)as companies move towards digital firm organization ,nearly all the firms managers and employees as Ill as customers and vendors-participates in a variety of firm systems tied together by a digital information web. for instance ,what a customer does on a firms web site can trigger a n employee to make an on the spot pricing decision or alert a firms suppliers of potential stock out situations. Approaches of Technology Lauden Laudon,( 2004) has presented two approaches to describe IT systems ;- Technological approach: the technological approach to information system emphasizes mathematically, based models to study information system, as Ill as the physical technology and formal capabilities of these systems. The disciplines that contribute to the technical approach are computer science, management science and operations research. Computer science is concerned with establishing theories of computability, methods of efficient data storage and access .management science emphasizes the development of models for decisions making and management practice. Operations research focuses .on mathematical techniques for optimizing selected parameters of organization such as transportation, inventory control and transaction cost. Behavioral approach: an important part of the information systems field is concerned with behavioral issues that arise in the development and long term maintains of information systems. Issues such as strategic business integration, design, implementation, utilization and management cannot be explored usefully with the method used in the technical approach .other behavioral disciplines contribute important concepts and method. I-E sociologist study information system with eye towards how groups and organization shape the development of system and also how system affects the individuals groups and organizations. Psychological study information systems with an interest in how humans decision maker perceive and use formal information. Economist study information system with an interest I what impact system have on control and cost structures within the firm and within markets. (Lauden Laudon) The behavioral approach does not ignore technology .indeed information system technology is often the stimulus for a behavioral problem or issue .but the focus of this approach is generally not on technical solution .instead in concentrates on change in attitude ,management and organization policy and behavior . IT Production Global market Information technology is software producing sector, hence it possess greater potential for brightening up the economy of any country. It is evident fact that IT has a unique cost structure, I all are aware of the fact that producing information is an expensive act but reproducing information in extremely inexpensive. This leads towards attaining extraordinary economies of scale and increasing returns to investment. Tremendous export opportunity exists in world global market for this labor intensive industrys products. This industry has rapidly found a place in global market and progressively increasing its share. From 1997 the information technology has expanded its market has significantly. International penetration of software exports is expected to increase by 200 percent over the coming few years. Offshore tailored applications and packaged applications to the United States and Europe will be influential factors that supported and lead this growth, USs market place possess more than half of the consulting chances. Due to soft nature of domestic markets, several IT firms seek to get place in international market. Presently in the Middle East, most IT spending goes to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (about 60-70%). Somewhere between $ 100-200 million is also spent by GCC countries alone a year on ERP. Moreover, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solutions have become an important and critical success factor in this business CRM applications are expected to witness a sharp rise in the next few years, especially among banking, telecomm, and utilities sectors (American Chamber 2000). There exist a large room for capitalist and opportunist to take considerable advantage of current situation. It is also counted among very important industries in the Indian economy. The IT industry of India has registered huge growth in recent years. Indias IT industry grew from 150 million US Dollars in 1990-1991 to a whopping 50 billion UD Dollars in 2006-2007. In the last ten years the Information Technology industry in India has grown at an average annual rate of 30%. Source : Nagla Rizk , 2001, Information Technology and Growth publication of The American University in Cairo: web source: http://www.luc.edu/orgs/meea/volume4/RizkRevised.htm)

The Curse of Life in There Are No Children Here :: There are No Children Here Essays

There Are No Children Here – The Curse of Life  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To most living in the Henry Horner Homes, life often seems to be more of a curse than a gift. The people of this public housing project only experience the briefest moments of joy before the reality of their lives comes rushing back to them. This book chronicles the lives of two boys, Lafeyette, 10, and Pharoah, 7, from the summer of 1985 to the fall of 1989. Though the boys are young, author Alex Kotlowitz adeptly conveys that these children are not children at all. They have not been allowed to live the carefree lives that most of us living outside of the projects did. Instead, very early on they became aware of their hardships and had to learn to deal with them. In their short lives, they have been to more funerals than weddings and this has simultaneously crushed their spirits and hardened them. The environment in which these boys live is one of violence, drugs and poverty. Their housing is less than optimal, as the bathtub faucet cannot be shut off, the oven and kitchen sink are broken, and the plumbing is often out of order. Gang activity rules these Chicago housing projects. This book gives a keen insight to someone on the outside on how intense the violence there is. Bullets riddle through the night, and frequently into the apartments. Facing each new day with the fear that your life could be taken away in a second, by one of many acts of gang violence, leaves the residents feeling hopelessly insecure. Throughout the book, Lafeyette and Pharoah voice a strong desire to get out of the projects. However, a solution as to how this might be accomplished is never discussed. The family is dependent on welfare, so there is no extra money to be saved for alternative residence. For the time being, Lafeyette and Pharoah make a conscious decision to lay low and keep away form gangs and drugs so they do not become a part of the life that keeps them down. Lafeyette and Pharoah make insightful comments about how people get sucked into gang-life. They, like many other children and adults, are caught in the middle of despising gang activity, but still understanding the reasons people are involved in it. There are not many examples of tangible incentives to stay out, but to join means that you will have power, protection and money.

This graph shows the traffic going out of Birmingham City Centre using Broad Street

This graph shows the traffic going out of Birmingham City Centre using Broad Street. Cars are the main means of transport going out of Birmingham City Centre. Cars start off quite low. However, at 9:00 AM there is an increase of the number of cars going out of Birmingham City Centre. This may be due to a â€Å"rush hour†. However, this only lasts for an hour. Furthermore there is yet another increase of cars going out of Birmingham City Centre at 11:00 AM. This may be due to the fact it's getting nearer to lunch time. After an hour the decrease happens again. But, at 13:00 AM there is a massive increase of cars. This may be due to leaving after completing their shopping. The amount of cars going out of Birmingham City Centre carries on increasing whilst the day goes on. Vans/mbs start off quite similarly, with the amount of vans/mbs starting off quite low and gradually increasing. The same pattern is shows with the buses. Lorries start off quite high but keep decreasing as the day goes on. Bicycles stay low constantly through the day. This graph shows the traffic going into Birmingham City Centre using Broad Street. Cars are the main vehicles going into Broad Street. We can see this due to the fact that cars have the highest amount of vehicles by looking at the graph. Lorries and bicycles however, have the lowest amount. During the early hours of the day the number of cars starts off quite high with the rush hour being at about 8:00 AM. As the day goes on it starts to decrease. However at around 12:00 PM there is a sudden increase of traffic going into Birmingham City Centre. This may be due to the fact it's around lunch time. At around 13:00 PM, there is a decline in the amount of traffic going in. Then it begins to rise for an hour up until 14:00 PM, when it starts to decrease again. From 14:00 PM till 17:00 PM the traffic going in carries on decreasing. Buses and vans/mbs stay relatively close together in terms of the amount of each that appears to be going into Broad Street. However, buses show the same type of pattern that cars show. During 8:00AM till 9:00PM the amount of buses is quite high. This is quite similar with the vans/mbs. There is a sudden increase at 13:00PM. However Lorries and bicycles always stay low through the day. This graph shows the passenger car units (PCU) coming into Broad street. PCU stands for passenger car unit. This metric is used to measure the traffic-flow rate on a road such as Broad Street. The graph above is probably the most vital evidence that helps solve my hypothesis. This graph would give me a clear idea of whether Broad Street (a main route into the city) was congested. Using the Government figures the saturation point for a road such as Broad Street is 1522. This meant that when a value was over this, the road was congested. The graph shows that Broad Street was congested throughout the day. At 9:00 AM it's at its highest (2780), this is peak time in other words. From 11:00 AM onwards, the figures always stayed above 2000 but stayed below 2500. I can say that Broad Street on that day was congested at all times.

History of San Juan, The Capital of Puerto Rico

History of San Juan, The Capital of Puerto Rico The capital of Puerto Rico, San Juan ranks high on the list of most historic cities in the New World, with early explorers establishing a settlement there 15 years after  Columbus’s monumental first voyage. The city has been the scene of many historic events, from naval battles to pirate attacks. Modern San Juan, now a top Caribbean tourism destination, embraces its long and fascinating history. Early Settlement The first settlement on the island of Puerto Rico was Caparra, founded in 1508 by Juan Ponce de Leà ³n, a Spanish explorer and conquistador best remembered for his quixotic quest to find the Fountain of Youth in 16th-century Florida. Caparra was deemed unsuitable for a long-term settlement, however, and the residents soon moved to an island a short distance to the east, to the present site of Old San Juan. Rise to Importance The new city of San Juan Batista de Puerto Rico quickly became famous for its good location and port, and it rose to importance in the colonial administration. Alonso Manso, the first  bishop  to arrive in the Americas, became bishop of Puerto Rico in 1511. San Juan became the first ecclesiastical headquarters for the New World  and served as the first base for the Inquisition as well. By 1530, barely 20 years after its founding, the city supported a university, a hospital, and a library. Piracy San Juan quickly came to the attention of Spain’s rivals in Europe. The first attack on the island took place in 1528, when the French razed several outlying settlements, leaving only San Juan intact. Spanish troops started building San Felipe del Morro, a formidable castle, in 1539.  Sir Francis Drake and his men attacked the island in 1595 but were held off. In 1598, however, George Clifford and his force of English privateers managed to capture the island, remaining for several months before illness and local resistance drove them away. That was the only time El Morro castle was ever captured by an invading force. The 17th and 18th Centuries San Juan declined somewhat after its initial importance, as wealthier cities such as Lima and Mexico City thrived under the colonial administration. It continued to serve as a strategic military location and port, however, and the island produced significant sugarcane and ginger crops. It also became known for breeding fine horses, prized by Spanish conquistadors campaigning on the mainland. Dutch pirates attacked in 1625, capturing the city but not the fort. In 1797, a British fleet of approximately 60 ships attempted to take San Juan but failed in what is known on the island as â€Å"The Battle of San Juan.† The 19th Century Puerto Rico, as a small and relatively conservative Spanish colony, did not participate in the independence movements of the early 19th century. As the armies of Simon Bolà ­var and Jose de San Martà ­n swept across South America liberating new nations, royalist refugees loyal to the Spanish crown flocked to Puerto Rico. Liberalization of some Spanish policies – such as granting freedom of religion in the colony in 1870, encouraged immigration from other parts of the world, and Spain held onto Puerto Rico until 1898. The Spanish-American War The city of San Juan played a minor role in the Spanish-American War, which broke out in early 1898. The Spanish had fortified San Juan but did not anticipate the American tactic of landing troops at the western end of the island. Because many Puerto Ricans did not oppose a change of administration, the island basically surrendered after a few skirmishes. Puerto Rico was ceded to the Americans under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish-American War. Although San Juan had been bombarded for a time by American warships, the city suffered relatively little damage during the conflict. The 20th Century The first few decades under American rule were mixed for the city. Although some industry developed, a series of hurricanes and the Great Depression had a profound effect on the economy of the city and the island in general. The grim economic situation led to a small but determined independence movement and a great deal of emigration from the island. Most emigrants from Puerto Rico in the 1940s and 1950s went to New York City in search of better jobs; its still home to a great many citizens of Puerto Rican descent. The U.S. Army moved out of El Morro Castle in 1961. San Juan Today Today, San Juan takes its place among the Caribbeans top tourism destinations. Old San Juan has been extensively renovated, and sights like the El Morro castle draw large crowds. Americans looking for a Caribbean vacation like to travel to San Juan because they don’t need a passport to go there: it is American soil. In 1983 the old city defenses, including the castle, were declared a World Heritage Site. The old section of the city is home to many museums, reconstructed colonial-era buildings, churches, convents, and more. There are excellent beaches close to the city, and the El Condado neighborhood is home to top-notch resorts. Tourists can reach several areas of interest within a couple of hours from San Juan, including rainforests, a cave complex, and many more beaches. It is the official home port of many major cruise ships as well. San Juan is also one of the most important ports in the Caribbean and has facilities for oil refining, sugar processing, brewing, pharmaceuticals, and more. Naturally, Puerto Rico is well-known for its rum, much of which is produced in San Juan.

comparative report essays

comparative report essays Scene eleven from the play Mother Courage and her Children and act one scene four from Summer of the Aliens are scenes which are performed very differently, according to their theatrical styles and using conventions relating to those styles. The context in each scene diverses too, however there are some similarities. Mother Courages scene, written in 1940s by Bertolt Brecht, is a work of epic theatre, created by the writer. It is totally opposite to realistic theatre style of the scene from Summer of the Aliens written by Louis Nowra in 1968. According to this realistic style, invented by Constantin Stanislavsky, the perforance of the scene has to be very real and believable. The actors have to re-enact the circumstances as realistically as possible through life like characters with the right use of voice and movements, realistic costumes, the overall stage resembling photographic detail of the period in the scene and the main aim for audience to empathy with characters. Along with Stanislavsky, Bertolt Brechts Epic Theatre is the very essence of non-realism with the main aim to avoid the typical theatrical conventions of realism. Through this, avoiding an illusion of realistic theatre. The acting and staging techniques such as use of a narrator, simple or fragmentary costumes, basic open wh ite stage lighting, fragmentary props and scenery, actors swapping characters mid-scene, actors playing multiple roles and occasionally speaking directly to the audience are all used in performance of Brecht's scene from Mother Courage. These theatrical conventions, according to Brecht, can portray social truths in a way audiences could not ignore. They are didactic in nature with audience alienating purposes. The purpose of performance is to teach or instruct the audience about the issue in the scene. As well as in the performance of Summ ...

Effective Political Communication Research Paper

Effective Political Communication - Research Paper Example This paper looks at the work of a number of writers/researchers who have done work in the area of political communication. Each of them has put forward their theory on political communication. The ones which are of interest are introduced and critiqued separately. The paper also provides a comparative analysis of their work.  This paper looks at the work of a number of writers/researchers who have done work in the area of political communication. Each of them has put forward their theory on political communication. The ones which are of interest are introduced and critiqued separately. The paper also provides a comparative analysis of their work.  Highlights and Critique of ViewpointsBlumler and Gurevitch (1995) in their book ‘The Crisis of Public Communication’ looks at the issues affecting effective political communication. Blumler and Gurevitch (1995) attribute this crisis to four sources:  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ the change in communication technologies;  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ changes in the structure and culture of the surrounding social and political system;  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ the drive by the two political communication institutions – politicians and journalists, to understand the strategies used by each other in order to make adjustments in response to each other's actions; and  Blumler and Gurevitch (1995) link the communicators and the audience in a network of expectations shared by them by indicating the roles of each of the actors in the system that are complementary to each other. In light of this Blumler and Gurevitch (1995, p. 15) indicates that if the audience plays a partisan role then the role of the media should be that of an editorial guide while that of the politician should be that of a gladiator. When the audience role is that of a liberal citizen the media personnel complements this by being the moderator and the politician as a rational persuader.  ... Blumler and Gurevitch (1995) attribute this crisis to four sources: the change in communication technologies; changes in the structure and culture of the surrounding social and political system; the drive by the two political communication institutions – politicians and journalists, to understand the strategies used by each other in order to make adjustments in response to each others actions; and the changes –‘ebbs and flows’ of the interest of the audience in politics. Blumler and Gurevitch (1995) link the communicators and the audience in a network of expectations shared by them by indicating the roles of each of the actors in the system that are complementary to each other. In light of this Blumler and Gurevitch (1995, p. 15) indicates that if the audience plays a partisan role then the role of the media should be that of an editorial guide while that of the politician should be that of a gladiator. When the audience role is that of a liberal citizen th e media personnel complements this by being the moderator and the politician as a rational persuader. If the audience plays the role of a monitor then the media is expected to be the watchdog and the politician is supposed to provide information which is needed for assessment. The audience’s role as a spectator is complemented by the media’s role in providing entertainment when the politician is expected to be the performer or actor in this scenario. Blumler and Gurevitch (1995, p. 12) use the systems theory approach to analyse the media and in that vein sees the media as a system consisting of a four components: i. Political institutions in their communication aspects; ii. Media institutions in their political aspects; iii. Audience orientation to political communication; and iv. Communication