History of Modern Painting Essay Example for Free

History of Modern Painting Essay The rise in popularity of primitivism can be united with two other prevalent forces in Europe during the late 19th century, theology and industrialization. Naturally dissatisfaction with European life increased, steeped in centuries of monarchies, wars, feudal wars, and multiple revolutions. Christ symbols, towering church steeples, and scads of spiritually historical iconography permeated nearly all of the Europe, even while its principles waned. Meanwhile, Europe began to feel the effects of its going industrial centers. In the 1860s, Paris radically rejuvenated itself under Napoleon III and Haussmann’s city restructuring. Apartments, streets, transportation, and commerce were all restructured, becoming new, uniform, sleek, and systemized. Conditionally, primitivism is understood as the ‘other’ through Western perception. This implies that outsiders to Europe are different inherently, and deserve special attention. While Europe idolizes themes of cleanliness, efficiency, and puritan values, the ‘other’ offered an escape into a world that was perceived as exotic, mystically spiritual, and entirely natural. In â€Å"Avant-Garde and Kitsch,† Clement Greenberg says that avant-garde criticism â€Å"has not confronted our present society with timeless utopias, but has soberly examined . . . the forms that lie at the heart of every society. † Vincent Van Gogh, in an attempt to recover simplified realism, focused on less urban subjects. He moved to south France and began painting provincial scenes using thick impasto paint application. Paul Gauguin joined Van Gogh to establish the Studio of the South in Arles in 1988; however, even this is not removed enough from modern Western values. Gauguin had â€Å"studied medieval art (sculpture, tapestries, and stained glass), Primitive woodcuts, and certain types of exotic art which he had seen at the World’s Fair of 1889. † Comparatively, the Western projection of art appeared to him dystopic, and he sought renewal in submersing himself in Tahitian culture. Warily, Gauguin traveled to a country under French rule at the time, guaranteeing him ‘safe’ primitivism than un-Colonized areas. In Tahiti, Gauguin painted with no shaded areas of depth and rounded, blunt features, loose applications of representative color, as seen Maternite II. All this, added with mythical looking mist and bare women give a sense of pastoral serenity of antiquity, while also remaining distinctly different than the European spectator who enjoyed the painting. The women are all dark-skinned and blissfully exposed, while engaging the viewing to partake of the serenity of the scene. Gauguin used Primitive representative techniques, by favoring simplified, unenlightened forms or expression. As Imperialism extended the relations between Europe and civilizations that were previously untouched by European ideology. Simplified, organic forms of nature and natural life were fluidly exposed to European culture, including Gauguin’s paintings. It was completely antithetical to anything appreciated in the West in form, staging, or perspective. Another feature of Westerners embracing primitivism can be found in Samuel Butler’s novel Erewhon. In the utopia/dystopia world of Erewhon there is a complete absence of machines, simply because any variety of them could prove potentially dangerous. This novel was published at a time when industrialized nations began relying more on machines in industry, and features an extreme alternative that demonstrates the allure of the Primitive who live the ‘other’ lifestyle. Those who see modern Western life as a dystopia can find its ultra alternative in the Primitive. Thus artists flee for simpler, idyllic or virginal locals, consequently implying that something is inherently wrong with the Europe, its industry, theology, and ideology. References: Greenberg, Clement. Art and Culture: Critical Essays. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971. Read, Herbert. A Concise History of Modern Painting. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. , 1957. Schwartz, Robert . â€Å"France in the Age of Les Miserables. † Mount Holyoke College. 4/19/2009 http://www. mtholyoke. edu/courses/rschwart/hist255-s01/mapping-paris/Haussmann. html.

An Essay on Chan -- essays research papers

An Essay Answering Questions From the Assigned Text by Faure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This essay will attempt to answer questions coming from the Bernard Faure text assigned in class. The questions are as follows: How does Hu Shih’s approach to Chan differ from D.T. Suzuki’s? Why was the scholarship of the Japanese on Zen not objective? What does Faure mean by the teleological fallacy? What does he mean by the two alternative approaches he suggests: structural analysis and hermeneutics?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does Hu Shih’s approach to Chan differ form D.T. Suzuki’s? To answer this we must first recognize that Hu Shih emphasizes the historicism of Chan, meaning he places great importance on the historical aspect, while Suzuki aligns himself with the metaphysics aspect. Suzuki states that there are two kinds of people who can talk about Zen: The first(Suzuki), which is one who has a firm grasp on the concepts and greatly understands Zen, the other(Hu Shih), someone who is utterly unable to grab the concepts. Suzuki states that Hu Shih may know Zen historically, but that he does not actually know Zen. Suzuki says about Hu Shih that â€Å"it is not a historians business not talk about Zen.† Hu argues that ‘a historic approach to Zen cannot be reduced to the circumstances of its emergence and how it â€Å"transmits its situation of departure into a means to understand itself and others.’† Since Hu Shih is from the academic world , his approach to Zen is more factual, while ...

Marketing Mix of the Berocca

1. 0 Abstract In this report, the aim was to analyze the marketing mix of Berocca according to our group’s survey and questionnaires. Marketing mix includes product, price, place and promotion. In terms of the survey and questionnaires, some results were givens and analyzed. In addition, some personal suggestion will be presented. 2. 0 Introduction Berocca is a brand of effervescent drink and vitamin tables, the tables contain comprehensive vitamin B group and vitamin C. At first, Berocca was made by the Roche Pharmaceuticals, but in 2005 Bayer’s global acquired the Roche Consumer Health and Berocca is made by Bayer. Berocca is the NO. 1 multivitamin brand grocery trade with 49% market share in 2009. † (Nielson, 2009) It is popular around the world, such as the Unite Kingdom, the Unite States, the European Union and China. In this report, the marketing mix of Berocca has been analyzed detailedly from product, price, place and promotion. Some results have been analyzed based on our group questionnaires. From the questionnaire, our group calculated some data. In terms of the data, the consequences were found clearly. Additionally, the report’s main points will be concluded and the personal recommendations will be given. 3. 0 MethodologyDue to achieve the research of Berocca from 4Ps, Rina, Shupeng, Beverly and me, we made up a group. We surveyed on the internet and in the university library. Furthermore, we discussed together and made a questionnaire with 11 questions. Then we did the questionnaires at the bus station outsides the Brent Cross. We did 30 questionnaires.4. 0 The results and analyses of Berocca marketing mixIn this section, according to the questionnaires the Berocca marketing mix will be analyzed and our group made some diagrams based on the questionnaires, we got some data, in terms of the data the results will be concluded.4. 1 Product Product means the goods-and-services combination the company offers to the target market. (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010) According to the question 8, Why do you buy Berocca? [pic] This is about the functions of product. Berocca effervescent tables contain many kinds of vitamin, such as vitamin B and vitamin C. These vitamin are all good for health, they can boost immune system. If you always work hard, when you feel tired, you can drink it, as a result, the tables can help you become more energy, therefore, you may work well and improve efficiency.Referring to the bar diagram, the people who are in different age category, they buy Berocca main because Berocca is good for health and to work well. Few people just want to taste. 3 under 18 people have bought Berocca for good taste. Between 20-30 ages, the number of people wants to taste is the same as people want to work well. The quantity of people buys it for health is one more than others. Between 30 and 40 age, 14 people are willing to buy Berocca, there are 8 people buying Berocca due to want to work well. Just 3 people of 50 plus bought Berocca for healthy.The reasons why most adults bought Berocca are the people are working and studying hard, they need more energy to work well. When they feel tired, they drink it, so they may be full of power to work and work efficiently. They drink Berocca also can improve immune system. They need more vitamins because they work too much, Berocca is good for health.4. 2 Price Price is the amount the consumer must exchange to receive the offering. (Solomon et al, 2009) It is based on question 7. What do you think of the price? [pic] This is about the price of product. Every bottle of Berocca is sold in stores bout ? 5. Personal idea, it is a little expensive. Maybe its bottle materials and production process cost much more. As a result, the price of Berocca is a little expensive. According to the bar chart, the majority of people think the price of Berocca is average. The number of people who think the price is cheap is the same as the quantity of people who think the price is expensive. In the adults, there are 20 people think the price is average. It occupies two thirds in 30 people. It is obvious that most adults will buy Berocca and they think the price is average.Because most adults have a stable income and most tim e they work hard, they need Berocca much more than young people.4. 3 Place Place includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers. (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010) Referring to the question 6, Where do you usually but Berocca? [pic] This is about the place where sell Berocca effervescent stables. They most distribute in Supermarkets and all kinds of pharmacies. Consequently the Berocca’s target markets are adults. In terms of the graph, there are 12 people bought Berocca in Tesco, most people bought it in pharmacies. People under 18, only 3 bought it.There are 27 people who the age over 20 buying Berocca. It is based on the results, the reason why Berocca is sold in supermarket and pharmacies. Because in most situations, the majority of adults will buy daily necessaries and medicines in supermarkets and pharmacies. In terms of the results, they show us clearly, most adults will buy Berocca and they buy the products in Supermarkets and various pharma cies. Adults need the Berocca much more than young people.4. 4 Promotion Promotion includes all of the activities marketers undertake to inform consumers about their products and to encourage potential customers to buy these products. Solomon et al, 2009) According to the question 4, How do you know Berocca? [pic] There are many kinds of methods promoting a product. For example, advertisements are obvious one of the methods, such as TV, magazine and internet. The reason why Berocca make more advertisements, because with the development of technique more and more people use computer, Berocca through putting the advertisements on the websites to promote its products. People may often work hard and enjoy themselves on the internet. It is a good promotion based on internet. It can be seen form the histogram, there are 13 people find Berocca on the internet. people know this product from TV. Just few people know Berocca from the magazine. At last, there are 5 people know Berocca from oth er ways. Most adults know this product. These numbers illustrate people who often work with computer knows more about Berocca than young people under 18. When they work hard, they may survey on the internet, in addition, they may find the advertisements of Berocca. Berocca’s functions are good for health and help people work well. When they feel tired, they will buy it and have a try. Consequently the purpose of Berocca promotion will be achieved.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, referring to the analyses of Breocca marketing mix, it is obvious that Berocca have a good marketing. Firstly, Berocca make most people know the product of function. Secondly, Berocca sell its products at the correct place and the products correspond with the right people who are adults. Thirdly, it is successful to promote its products. Berocca know people work hard and use computers, it catches the emphasis, when people feel tired and need more energy, they see the advertisements, and they will buy Beroc ca. Personally, I think Berocca should add more promotions.For example, it can sell products as any 2 for ? 8. Because the price is a bit high for most people who are working hard and having a normal incomes. When people meet some festivals such as Christmas, Berocca can decrease directly the price, they can sell more products. All in all, if Berocca do more promotions, it may be more successful and achieve the goals easier.6. 0 Reference‘BEROCCA FIZZES WITH A NEW EXOTIC FLAVOUR' 2009, Checkout, 35, 9, p. 76.Marketingteacher. com (2012) Marketing mix. [Online] [Accessed: 27/08/2012].7. 0 AppendicesThe questionnaire and charts

African-American History Timeline 1840 to 1849

The abolition movement picked up steam during the 1830s. In the decade that followed, freed African-Americans continued to lock arms with white abolitionists to fight against enslavement.   1840   The territory of Texas makes it unlawful to trade enslaved people. The state also considers it illegal for enslaved African-Americans to carry weapons without permission.  Black Codes are established in South Carolina. Under these codes, enslaved African-Americans are unable to gather in groups, earn money, grow crops independently, learn to read and own high-quality clothing.   1841 After a long legal battle, the U.S. Supreme Court finds that Africans aboard the Amistad ship are now free.  Residents of Texas are given the responsibility of catching runaway slaves and then, alerting local law enforcement.   1842   The U.S. Supreme Court rules that states do not need to offer assistance to recapturing runaway slaves in the case, Prigg v. Pennsylvania.  Georgia lawmakers declare that they will not consider freed African-Americans as citizens. 1843   Sojourner Truth  and  William Wells Brown become prominent speakers on the anti-slavery lecturing circuit.  New York, Vermont, and Ohio pass personal liberty laws in response to the Prigg v. Pennsylvania ruling.  Henry Highland Garnet  speaks at the National Negro Convention  and delivers Address to the Slaves. 1844 Beginning in 1844 through  1865, abolitionist William Still  assists  at least sixty enslaved African-Americans escape bondage every month. As a result, Still becomes known as the Father of the Underground Railroad.Connecticut also passes a personal liberty law.  North Carolina pass a law declaring it will not recognize freed African-Americans as citizens.  Oregon prohibits enslavement within the state.   1845 Texas enters the United States as a slave state.  Frederick Douglass  publishes The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The narrative is a bestseller  and is  reprinted nine times in its first three years of publication. The narrative is  also translated into French and Dutch.Abolitionist and writer Frances Watkins publishes her first collection of poetry, Forest Leaves.  Macon Bolling Allen  becomes the first African-American to be admitted to the bar and is allowed to practice law in Massachusetts.  William Henry Lane, also known as  Master Juba, is considered the first famous African-American performer.   1846 Missouri allows interstate trading of enslaved people.   1847 Douglass begins publishing  The North Star  in Rochester, NY. The publication is a result of his division with abolitionist William Lloyd Garrisons news publication  The Liberator.The state of Missouri prohibit freed African-Americans from receiving an education.  Ã‚  Robert Morris Sr.  becomes the first African-American attorney to file a lawsuit.  Abolitionists in the state of Missouri file a lawsuit to help Dred Scott  become free.  David Jones Peck graduates from Rush Medical College in Chicago, becoming the first African-American to graduate from a medical school in the United States.   1848   Douglass along with 30 other men  attend the Womens Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY. Douglass is the only African-American man present and publicly supports Elizabeth Cady Stantons  stance on womens suffrage.  Several anti-slavery organizations work together to create the Free Soil Party. The group opposes the expansion of enslavement into western territories. The Republic Party will eventually be born from the Free Soil Party.  Following states such as New York, Connecticut, Vermont, and Ohio, Rhode Island also passes a personal liberty law.The first lawsuit challenging  separate but equal laws is fought in Boston. The case,  Robert v. Boston is filed by Benjamin Roberts files a school desegregation lawsuit for his daughter, Sarah, who was unable to register for public school in Boston. The lawsuit was unsuccessful and was used to support the separate but equal argument in the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896.  Like Missouri, South Carolina abolishes laws placing restraints on interstate slave trading. 1849 The  California Gold Rush  begins. As a result, an estimated 4,000 African-Americans will migrate to California to participate in the Gold Rush.  Britain recognizes Liberia as a sovereign state. Joseph Jenkins, formerly of Virginia, becomes Liberias first president.  The Virginia legislature passes a law allowing an enslaved African-American to be freed by will or deed.  Like states such as South Carolina and Missouri, Kentucky lifts restraints on interstate slave trade.  Harriet Tubman  ends her enslavement by successfully escaping to the North. Tubman then begins to help other enslaved people reach freedom through the Underground Railroad.